Therefore, from a diversified production and coexistence with the natural environment, quinoa production has moved towards more technical production models called organic and conventional, in monoculture and alternative systems ( IICA, 2015 Pinedo et al., 2018). Mainly in the last decade, traditional production practices have been partially or totally replaced with exclusive technologies for intensive farming ( Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura, 2015 Pinedo et al., 2018), causing a reduction in the number of native quinoa varieties and other food security crops typical of the high Andean region ( Soto et al., 2012). Besides, the technology used in its cultivation is variable, ranging from traditional systems to highly technical ( Gómez & Aguilar, 2016). Currently, in Peru, quinoa is cultivated from the sea level up to 4,000 meters above sea level in four agro-ecological zones: highlands, inter-Andean valleys, and marine and coastal yungas ( Apaza et al., 2013 Gómez & Aguilar, 2016 Tapia et al., 2014). The use of family labor, traditional tools with little or no dependence on external inputs, and the spatial and temporal association with other subsistence crops to ensure a diversified food basket characterize these traditional production systems ( Fairlie-Reinoso, 2016 Nicholls & Altieri, 2012 Pinedo et al., 2017a). Until before the declaration of the International Year of Quinoa, traditional quinoa production areas were concentrated in the highlands and the inter-Andean valleys under predominantly traditional production systems ( Gómez & Aguilar 2016, Pinedo et al., 2017a, 2018 Soto et al., 2012 Tapia et al., 2014). Palabras clave Chenopodium quinoa conservación de suelos desarrollo sostenible fertilidad del suelo sistemas de producción La variable de mayor contribución fue el riesgo de erosión (51,28%), seguido del manejo de biodiversidad (48,68%) y la conservación de la vida del suelo (48,32%). Los sistemas de producción de quinua alcanzan un Indicador Ambiental (IA) de 49,43% o un rango de sostenibilidad baja. Para ello, se aplicaron encuestas con preguntas estructuradas en la dimensión ambiental. Bajo el enfoque metodológico de análisis multicriterio, se construyó una escala en porcentaje de valoración de sostenibilidad, siendo el valor cero (0) no sostenible y 100 el umbral máximo de sostenibilidad. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar los índices de sostenibilidad ambiental en tres comunidades productoras de quinua de la zona altoandina del departamento de Ayacucho, Perú. Keywords Chenopodium quinoa production systems soil fertility soil conservation sustainable developmentĮn los últimos diez años, la producción de quinua en el Perú se ha intensificado, pasando de las prácticas tradicionales a sistemas de producción tecnificada en función de la demanda del mercado, lo que ha ocasionado cambios en términos económicos, sociales y, principalmente, ambientales. The variable with the highest contribution was the risk of erosion (51.28%), followed by the management of biodiversity (48.68%) and the conservation of soil life (48.32%). Quinoa production systems achieve an Environmental Indicator (EI) of 49.43% or a low sustainability range. For this, surveys with structured questions in the environmental dimension were applied. Under the methodological approach of multi-criteria analysis, a scale was created in sustainability percentage assessment, being a value of zero (0) not sustainable, and a value of 100 percent the maximum sustainability threshold. The aim of the study was to establish the environmental sustainability indexes in three quinoa-producing communities in the high Andean area of the department of Ayacucho, Peru. In the last ten years, the production of quinoa in Peru has intensified, going from traditional practices to technified production systems based on market demand, which has caused changes in economic, social, and mainly environmental terms.
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